2.
  -2024
   

(     )
 :      :50
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.                  
      
2.          -        
 -
3.                ?
4.               (1854)     

 -
5.        
6.                    ?
2.
-
7.    (1952-53)          
8. NEP 2020      '  ,
  -2024
   

(     )
 :      :50
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.                  
      
:    ,      ,         
-          ,  ,    
   ,      ,     ,  
               -   
      
,  ,       
        ,          
         ,    ,    
         
󷊆󷊇     
2.
                 , 
       ,         
 
1.     
        :
 ( ): ,        
  ,    () 
 ( ):    , ,  , 
  
 
      ,      '   , 
 
           
2.   
        :
  :, ,     
  :      
   :  -,     
   
    : ,      ()   
  ,   ""  
,       
3.  
     :
  :   ,        
 :    -   ,  ,   , ,  
- 
  :, , ,    
  :,       
           ,   
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1. 
2.
         '      ,  
             ,     , 
      
 
  :     ,    ( ) 
  
 :     ,      
    ,  ,          
 
    :  ,         
,          
2.   
  :     ,   '    
   :         
   :     -       , 
    ,        
 :     , 
     
  
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃  
     ,         

,   ,     
1.      
            ,    
                ,
      
2.     -   
                 ,
            ,  
         
3.      
            ,     
     '    
4. - 
2.
                  
  ,                
    

󼩺󼩻       
    ,        :
  ,    ,      ,    
     ,            


  ,    ,         
  
 ,            
 ,       ,    '    
 ,     '  ,       
,           ,     
󷇮󷇭  
            
  -
,  -     '      
 ,           
      ,       

        - ,     
-         
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘 
1.               
2.     ( )    ( )   ' 

3.       , ,  

4.  ()  , , -       
 
5.    
          
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
2.
                ,  
 ,       ,       ,    
   
    ,      '   ,     '
  - ,              
    
,       ,   
           
   
     ,         

 ,       
 :       
,       
2.          -        
:   :         
      
   :  2,500  ,        
     ,             

 -                
          ,       -
"" -             ,
        
           
,    
     -          ,     -
   
  :    
   
          ? ,
    ,      ,       
  ,             , 
     
 :     ()
   
       -           
    :            
 , 
2.
 
 ,   
 ,   
 ,      
  

   
          
  
;     ,         
            
:      ( )

 
 ?       - ,      
              
;    
 
, ,               
      
  
 ,     '   
    
 :      ( )
    
 !                -
 ,       -            
     
         ,    
         '     
 :      (  )
       
;      -   , --
 -              
    ,        : 
   :     
         ,        
  -     :
 ( ) - 
1.  :            ,      
 
          
2.  : ,               -
 ,  
  ( ) - 
3.   : ,          -  
   ,   
  
2.
4.    :   '   ,       
     
5.  -: ,      -  
     
    ( ) -  
6.  :           
7.    :      ,      
8.    :           
   :   
 ( )
     
     
   ,  
  
     
   
, ,    
     
,     
?
- ()
      ,        
 
  
 -  ,      ,  
    
 
        
   
      -    
 ,    
 ,     
           :
     
  
   -             
       ',    ;    ',  
   
  :      
,                  
 
;              
  
2.
1.    :     
   ,  ,   '    
    
          (  )  ,  (   , 
   ),                
   :   
         ,    
    !      ,       
 
  :       ,         -
          
2. -  :  ' 
,  '  
 -         ,  "" 
  -          ,       
   ,                
 (-)    '  
  :   
,         
        - 
3.     

        '  : "  '         

   ,  
       ,  
     
,   ,              
"
 2,500      !    ,       
-    

  :          ,   '  
  ,          ,     

4.    :    
       (),      
   -     ,       
      ,        ,   
   ,            '    
  
2.
  :   ,  ,  -  -
     
5.     ' 
      
 -          ( 
)  , ,           
   '  
  :      
,    - 
                 

6.     
  
 -             

   -            
  : 
,   ,        
   
7.     - 
   -             
    '    
  :          , 
      
8.  ( )   
    ,       '        
  
  :     , ,         
-   
 :  
      
 -         
     ,  , ,   , 
   '      
2.
               -     
               ,
                  - 
        
                  
 ,    
        ,   , 
        
 -
3.                ?
:14
               , 
    ,     '     ,     
 ,     ,         
 ,        ,        
,     ,             
         -        , 
 ,   ,      ,   -  
    
  ( 11
 18
 )     
   
  
 : -  ,         , 
    ,        '  
    -
-  ,              , 
    
󷊆󷊇1.     
              
 : ,    , ,    
 '           
 
     
  :     ,  (  ),
  (),      '      
   -      
 ,         ,        
  
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼2.     
        ,      
:    ,     ,   
 
:            
             ,  , ,
,        
      :         ,
 ,  , ,        
:      '   ,    ,
        
     ,  ,       
 ,         '   
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃3.    
     
 
   :
o , , 
o    (  )
o  (),  ( , )
o    (), ,   ( )
o ,  ,          
    :
o , ,    ()
o    
o  (),  ()
o ,   ,   (       )
o  , ,  
 ,        ,   
 
󷇮󷇭4.   
     :
  :        
  :     ,       
     :  ,   -    ,
         
2.
   :   ,       ,    
       
   
,            
󼩺󼩻5.   
     
   ,        ,
             ,    
      
   ,            
     
-      ,  ,    '  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼6.      
             
        ,        

 , ,   ( )     
       ,      

               ,
          
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃7.     
       
   ,        ,   
           
   ,         ,     
  
,           , 
      
'  ,              

󷇮󷇭8.       
2.
  (  , , )    (   ,  
 )        
    - ,  , ,  -   
    
        
  ,    -     , ,   
 - 
 
    ,         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼9.     
      
           ,   
          
         
  
 ,   - ,       
 
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃10.    
 -     
   ,            
       
   ,      (),     

             
 ,     
 -    ,    
       
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘 
1.       
 ,       
- 
2.      , , ,     
3.      ,         
     
4.   ,    ,     '  
5.   ,         
6.     ,  , ,      
 
7.     ,          
2.
8.      , ,       
9.          
10.     
-      - 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
                  
       ,       ,
 -            ,     
 ,         
      
,  ,         
    ,    ,          

 ,  
      ,  
     
,         ,       

   
4.               (1854)     

:1854      :           

   
1850                
                
    '    ,      
 , 1854
   ,                
  
 -        ,    
       , 
     ,  
 "       "    -    
       ,      
        :    
               
 1854 
,               
:                 ? 
2.
           ?   
        ?
  -       --     
             ( " 
 "   )           
       ,    ,  ,      
                    
  ,        
   :        
    1854             - 
   100-            
 - 
    ,            
         
,      
 
          
1.    :    
             :  
    ,          
   
            
       !  ,   '      
,   ,    -       " 
 "                
        : 
!       
      
2.    :    
    ,         -    
  
       :
 ' -  /   :     ,       (,
, , )          ,     
-    
   
 -    :     ,      
           ,         
 
2.
 ' -     :    !    
 - ,             
              
  
  !  ,             
            ,       
    
3.   :        
                  ,
      :
     (   )   '   
   
? 
           ,  
        
   ,        
 '       -        
 
   !        -     
               : " 
? 
    !"
4.        :          
   -   : --      
  ,      -          -
           
   :   , "
    ?  ! 
   -    ,     
 ,   
      ,  
      !"
    ! , ,  ,    -  
                   
      
5.   : 
 
      :         
 
           ( 
)     
2.
  ,         ,    ' 
     (  ),      
               
6.    :    
1854    ,          
 
                  
               ,
  '      
           ,      
              -  
   
7.      :   
           
       -
, , ,   -  '         
     
,      
        ,   ,   
           ,      
 
  :   
         :
1854-1857:              

1857:,          -  
   !       ,    
  
1860-1870   :          --
      -       -
          ,     
   
 -                 ,  
         
2.
    :         
          :
 -    :       - 
  - , , , ,   -      
                  
    '      !
   
:          
    ,      -  1,000     
 -           :  , 
 , - 
    :        -     
                
    
 -   :     --    !
              - 1854  
 
  :   
,                  
:
  :       
      
  ,           '  
       
    :  '        
 '     ,       
  
   :        ,    , 
             

  :-      ,      
  " "    -         
    
2.
     :       ,     ' 
 1921  (     67  ),  2%   - !
 :          
1854                  , 
               
           -  , , ,
  -            
   ? 
     ?     
 ?        '  ?  
 
      ,  
     ,  
       ,  
      
  -  
                170
               ,   

           -      

               
;  
           
 -
5.        
:1937   ,       ,    , 
                 : 
            ,    
      ?           ,  
       
         
    -,
                 
    
,        
  
        , --,       
                 
󷊆󷊇  
2.
   ,        , -,  
                
     
             :
        
  ,      
- ' , -      
 - ,      '    
 , 1937  ,    ,         ,
             
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
   ,   ( )   '  :
1.     

o           
     
 -    , , , ,    
o        
,     
      ,    ,  - 
   
2. ,    
o          (),     - (),
  ()      
o            ;    ,
          
3.        
o     '    7  14       , 
    
o              
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃      
             
1.  - 
          
 ,     ,     ,   
 ,          
   ,    
2.
2. -
      
      (     )    
         ,        '  
 
3.    
14            
 ,        ,     
  
4.       
     '          

              ,  
   
5.  
      -,     , , 
        
           
6.   
     , ,     '    
      
,        ' 
7.   
      ,    ,   
 
          
󷇮󷇭  
   ,     
,   ,   
 
         ,        
2.
  ,     ,  - 
   

 
-      -  ,  -
 
󼩺󼩻    
1.      :        
2.   : 
     
3. - :      '    
4.  :       
5.   : -     '  
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃    
     ,       :
       
  , -
,    
      
  ,     
   
 -       

  ,      
 , 
 
,        
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘   
                 
   ,           ,    
   ,           -   -  -,
,  -    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
1.   (  )           ,
  -      
2.  - , ,     ,     ' 

3.     - ,        
'    
4.      ,     -  
     
5.      
 ,      , 
 '      
2.
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
               
                
, 
      -       '   ,   
        
 ,  
  , - ,       , 

   
        :   ,  
,             -,  
 
 ,  
      ,  
     
 
   - 
          :     
 
,     
6.                    ?
:   :           
                ,     
             ,      
       ,              
               -  
 ?                   
    -             
    
   
 :  
  1947                 -
   '      ,   , 
           ,    
       : 
       
 ,     ?
. .. ,    ,         
:        
         

 ,                  
            
,  
    
 
2.
              -   
,  
       
 
   :    
 1: 
-   29 (     )
   
             
                 , 
              29    
 
  29(1)  : "       ,  
 ,       "
   '   ?   :
     :         ,  
     
    :     ,     
     
         :      
  ,       ,    
     
         29(2)   
    
 , ,               

     !         
        
  ,      
       
  
 2:     -   30 (        )
 
     ' 
 :  30     
   ,             
         :
              
  -  30            
                ,  
   -   30      
2.
    
  30(1A)          
      ,         
 
     
 !
  30(2)  
             

  
   ,         


                  
         ,       
   -                
 3:       -   14-15 (  )
        :      
  14               
             
;  
 
  15, , , ,      '       
        
  
       
     
  
       
   
  
         
    
 -          ,  
            
 4:      -   25-28 (   )
             
:   
 ,      
  25            '   
     :
          
        
           
        
          
  26    -         ,  
   ,             
2.
   ,    ()   ,    
  '   
  27  
            
                   
 
  
  28      '  
    
  '            
 5:    -  
         :
-      :          - 
            
 
  
(   2020        70      )
    (  347  350):           ,  
               
                
      (  350B):      
              
           
 
 6:       
    ,       :
    (1992)       ,  
                
     :         
 
   :                ,
         ,       
           
-  :      
   
             :
2.
              ,   
30                
   ,            
       ,   25      
                ,    
      
 :       
,             
    
:
    ,      
             
          
         
 

 :      
            

        : "    

  
    

 
       "
             , , 
    '    ;  , ,      
      ;        (. 
 ),     (.  ),      
     (  )
     
 -           
                
   
     
         
        ,       
                 - 
         
2.
-
7.    (1952-53)          
:         ,      -
, , ,           
      ,          
, -,            
  , 1952  ,        - . .
            
 (1952-53)       
           
,   
                
      ' ,       ,  
            
       
 
󷊆󷊇  
              
 ,       ,     :
      
       
       
,      
  ,              ,
            
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
1.     
    '               
- ,   ,   '      '  
              
     
 ,         ,   -   
     
2.
 :  1950        ,        
      ,           
     
2. -      
             

 , ,         
   
          ,      
         
 :     , 
           
       ,   ,     
     ,        
3.     
            -   
   ,         
  
             
 :        '     
  -  
    ,       ,        , 
         
  ,   
   (  )       
 
4.      
         
  , , ,     
  
    
,         
 :       
    -   
          ,        , 
       
5.      
2.
          
    , 
       
 ,        
,         
             
 :               
    '    -        ,   
  
6.   
               
     
  , ,     - 
 
              
 :     , 
         
   '   
    ,      
            
7. -          
              
 
       '  ,       
 :   , 
         
  ,  ,             
  
󼩺󼩻   
 
        ,    
 :
1.         :        - 
,      -      
2.  :        
 
 ,  -,       
3. :    ,         ,
    (   NEP 2020)       
2.
4.     :    ,       
     
    
5.    :70   ,      ,    
  -        1952   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘   
1950           ,        
              -  
       - , -, , -, 
       ,     
 ,  
 :  ,        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
1.           .    
   (1952-53)     
2.      :
o    
o -       
o     - 
o       
o      
o   
o -         
3.   ,         '   
4.      ,      
5.    ,        
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
1952-53                
                 ,   
  :            
,  ,    - 
         
,         
    :       
,     
   
 ,  
      ,  
   
             
     
      
,     ,    
     
2.
8. NEP 2020      '  ,
:    : NEP 2020  
   :  29 , 2020        ,   ,
         -     
  
(NEP 2020)  34       !       
;
        73  , 
  , 
              
  
  '    500     ,  
          
  
   
?
NEP 2020         ,      
 1986   (1992    )  34         
!        -  ,     
 ,   ,           
       ,      ,     
          NEP 2020     
    :   
     
1. 5+3+3+4   :    
   ?     !  10+2  (  

  )    ,  5+3+3+4  
      ?
   (5  ):    /-  3    1  2  
 "  "   3-8       ,    

  -  - 

!   ,     
 
   ' 
   (3  ):   
   
  ,   
     -      , ,   
    ,    
    (3  ): 
  
          
       -          ,  
   ,    ,     !
2.
   (4  ):9
 12
,            - 
    
!  " , ,  "         
    ?  !      ? 

!  
       
        (6     )       
     -     6         
     !
2.      :     
     : NEP 2020  - 5
 ,    ' 8
               
 
  ?           
      
            
       ,           
         
     
         !
   
       -      '  
,              
   
   
3.      
:     

      ?
   , , ? NEP 2020  :
    !
            ,    

                    "
 
?"    "
        ?"   
         
!  ,     
                ?   
 -      !
       -    
,   ,  ,
  ,  ,     
    
; 
   !
4.    :       
2.
  !    
4          
 2          ,  2     
NEP 2020      !
      :
1    = 
2    = 
3    =  
4    =     

  '   ,    ,    ,    
       -   5  10   !   
    (      )      
  ,      
 
5.   : 
     
     NEP 2020         6
 
,        - , , , , 
 ,   -         !
 
 ,    , ,    10- 
       14          
          !  -    - 
      
  ?       ,      
,  
      "- "   
!
6.   :      
NEP 2020     
     
 -                ,
    !
         ( -19       
 )  ,  ,   -    
 
 -                
    
7. -  :     
2.
      -         
!   -
  ,  -   
               
                 
 -         -        !
             
           ,     

8.     :     
NEP 2020              :
 4    ..     (   
    2  )
   -       
           
  
 -     
   ,         !
9.       '   
-   ! NEP 2020   :
  -   ,   ,      
    -    ,    
 -    
,    
 -  - 
   ,  
 
  
              !
10.     :      
  , NEP 2020     -  ,  , , ,
    -     
     '  

      -        
   : 
               !
  :   
2.
 NEP 2020     ?  
!     
,   ,    ,      
2030-2040    -     -    ,  

    :        ,       
          
,       
  - ,    -  ,    
  -     
NEP 2020         - 
      

            
 ,   
 ,        
,      
         -     ,  
20  , 
2020          
!󷖤󷖥󷖦󽆪󽆫󽆬
"                

        ,           "